Spinal Degeneration & Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Disc / Joint Changes)

Spinal degeneration, often referred to as osteoarthritis of the spine, describes gradual, age-related changes in the discs and joints that allow the spine to move. Over time, intervertebral discs can lose hydration and height, and the small joints of the spine (facet joints) may develop arthritic changes. These processes are common and part of normal aging, though they don’t always cause pain.

Degenerative changes can alter how forces are distributed through the spine. As discs and joints stiffen, nearby muscles and tissues may work harder to support movement, sometimes leading to stiffness, discomfort, or reduced mobility.

Common symptoms

Symptoms vary widely and often fluctuate:

  • Stiffness, especially in the morning or after inactivity

  • Localized neck or back pain

  • Reduced flexibility or range of motion

  • Aching with prolonged sitting, standing, or repetitive activity

  • Occasional nerve-related symptoms if surrounding structures become irritated

Many people have degenerative findings on imaging without symptoms.

Why degeneration occurs

Spinal degeneration is influenced by several factors:

  • Normal aging and tissue wear

  • Reduced disc hydration over time

  • Repetitive stress or poor movement mechanics

  • Prior injury

  • Genetics, activity level, and overall tissue health

How degeneration affects movement

As spinal joints become stiffer or less tolerant to load, the body often compensates by changing posture or movement strategies. These compensations can increase strain on muscles, ligaments, and adjacent joints, contributing to fatigue, stiffness, and movement inefficiency.

How it’s evaluated

Evaluation focuses on function, not just imaging:

  • Movement and posture assessment

  • Joint mobility and muscular control

  • Neurological screening when needed

Imaging findings of “degeneration” are common and must be interpreted alongside symptoms and physical exam results.

Treatment approach

Care is typically conservative and movement-focused:

  • Education on activity modification and load management

  • Manual therapy to improve joint motion and reduce stiffness

  • Targeted exercise to support joint health and stability

  • Strategies to improve posture and movement efficiency

The goal is to maintain mobility, manage symptoms, and support long-term spinal function—not simply to “fix” imaging findings.